PROPOLEOS ANTIVIRAL
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| 1: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005 Nov;26(5):343-56. |
Antimicrobial activity
of flavonoids.
Cushnie
TP, Lamb
AJ.
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found
in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and
honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal
physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases.
Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective
research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids
possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several
groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between
flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field
of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing
to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several
high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid
structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In
addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial
mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for
example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase.
It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate
inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit
energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated
include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2'-trihydroxy-5'-methylchalcone
and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies
may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial
agent or class of agents.
Publication Types:
· Review
PMID: 16323269 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
| 2: Leuk Res. 2005 Nov;29(11):1343-6. |
Evaluation
of Manisa propolis effect on leukemia cell line by telomerase activity.
Gunduz C, Biray C, Kosova B, Yilmaz B, Eroglu Z, Sahin F, Omay SB, Cogulu O.
Propolis is a resinous substance which is used by bees to repair and maintain
their hives. It has more than 180 compounds including flavonoids, phenolic
acids and its esters which have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral,
immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative effects. Propolis is shown
to inhibit cell division and protein synthesis. However the exact mechanism
underlying antitumor effect is not clearly described. On the other hand progressive
telomere shortening to a critical level results with senescence of normal
cells by inducing apoptosis and telomerase prevents erosion of telomeres.
In this study we aimed to evaluate hTERT ratios in propolis-treated T-cell
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCFR-CEM) cell line. Cell counts and cell viability
of propolis-treated and propolis-free T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
(CCFR-CEM) cell line were assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion test and MTT
assay. The LightCycler instrument was used (online real-time PCR) for the
quantification of hTERT in CCFR-CEM cell line. The hTERT ratio significantly
decreased 60 and 93% after 24 and 72 h respectively compared to the initial
value of the cells incubated with propolis. It had almost no cytotoxic effect
and caused 30, 30, 22 and 12% decrease in cell counts after 24, 48, 72 and
96 h respectively which is statistically significant. In conclusion propolis
may show antitumor and apoptotic effect via inhibiting telomerase expression
besides the mechanisms which have been described previously.
| 3: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Nov 14;102(2):158-63. Epub 2005 Jul 19. |
Anti-HIV-1
activity of propolis in CD4(+) lymphocyte and microglial cell cultures.
Gekker
G, Hu S, Spivak
M, Lokensgard
JR, Peterson
PK.
Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis,
MN 55415, USA; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational
Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
An urgent need for additional agents to treat human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 (HIV-1) infection led us to assess the anti-HIV-1 activity of the natural
product propolis in CD4(+) lymphocytes and microglial cell cultures. Propolis
inhibited viral expression in a concentration-dependent manner (maximal suppression
of 85 and 98% was observed at 66.6mug/ml propolis in CD4(+) and microglial
cell cultures, respectively). Similar anti-HIV-1 activity was observed with
propolis samples from several geographic regions. The mechanism of propolis
antiviral property in CD4(+) lymphocytes appeared to involve, in part, inhibition
of viral entry. While propolis had an additive antiviral effect on the reverse
transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine, it had no noticeable effect on the protease
inhibitor indinavir. The results of this in vitro study support the need for
clinical trials of propolis or one or more of its components in the treatment
of HIV-1 infection.
PMID: 16046088 [PubMed - in process]
| 4: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Jul 22-29;383(1-2):39-43. |
The flavanoide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester blocks 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity.
Noelker
C, Bacher
M, Gocke
P, Wei
X, Klockgether
T, Du Y, Dodel
R.
Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University,
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars
compacta. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is specific to dopaminergic neurons in
intrastriatal rodent models. It induces neuronal death either via uncoupling
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation resulting in energy deprivation or
alternatively, is associated with its ability to produce hydrogen peroxide,
hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (
| 5: Clin Biochem. 2005 Feb;38(2):191-6. |
Effects of
caffeic acid phenethyl ester on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes
in diabetic rat heart.
Okutan
H, Ozcelik
N, Yilmaz
HR, Uz E.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,
OBJECTIVES: The risk for cardiovascular disease is significantly high in diabetes
mellitus. Experimental evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a dominant
role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester
(
| 6: Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(8):771-4. |
[Investigation
of chemical composition of propolis extract]
[Article in Lithuanian]
Majiene
D, Trumbeckaite
S, Grunoviene
D, Ivanauskas
L, Gendrolis
A.
Institute for Biomedical Research,
Propolis is a natural product, produced by bees and containing exudates from
plants, mixed with bee wax. Propolis and its ethanolic extract are usually
used for treatment and prevention of different diseases. Propolis has antibacterial,
antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic and immunomodulating
properties. Till now there is no data about chemical composition of Lithuanian
propolis. Thus, the aim of our work was to investigate the chemical composition
of Lithuanian propolis and its ethanolic extract by using gas chromatography
/ mass spectrometry. We found, that the main structural types of compounds
were terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic acid esters. The most of terpenoids
were mono- and sesquiterpens: azulene, alpha-bisabolol, citral, valerenol,
etc. Thus, our data show, that the composition of propolis is various and
depends on the origin of plants, from where propolis was collected.
| 7: Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Aug 1;37(3):386-94. |
Protective
effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-induced
oxidative stress in rats.
Ilhan A, Akyol O, Gurel A, Armutcu F, Iraz M, Oztas E.
Department of Neurology,
Because oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and
autoimmune-mediated tissue destruction, modulation of oxygen free radical
production represents a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory and
autoimmune diseases. Central nervous system tissue is particularly vulnerable
to oxidative damage, suggesting that oxidation plays an important role in
the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (
| 8: Int Immunopharmacol. 2004 Mar;4(3):429-36. |
Immunomodulatory
effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in Balb/c mice.
Park
JH, Lee
JK, Kim
HS, Chung
ST, Eom
JH, Kim
KA, Chung
SJ, Paik
SY, Oh HY.
Immunotoxicology Division, Department of Toxicology, National Institute of
Toxicological Research, KFDA, Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Gu, Seoul 122-704, South
Korea. jaehyun@kfda.go.kr
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an the active component of propolis,
is known to have anticarcinogenic, antiviral and various biological activities;
however, the effect of
| 9: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12 Suppl:S66. |
Spasmolysis of combined
bee glue and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on isolated rabbit jejunum.
Wang
NZ, Li D.
Dept of Food Science,
Background - Propolis (bee glue) is a valuable byproduct of apiculture, which
is found in honeybee hives. It has been suggested that propolis-ethanol-extract
has antitumour, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihepatotoxic, antioxidative,
and anti-inflammatory activities. Shaoyao-Gancao-tang, a prescription of Chinese
Medicine, consists of water extract of liquorice (Radix Glycyrrhizac) and
peony (Paeonialaciflora) roots. Objective - To investigate the effect of combined
propolis-ethanol-extract and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (PSG) on contraction of isolated
rabbit jejunum in vitro. Design - PGS was prepared from the ethanol extract
of propolis and water extract of 1:1 liquorice and peony roots. One end of
the jejunum tube (3-4cm) was fastened to the ventilating pipe of a thermostatic
bath, the other end to the tensioning exchanger, which was connected to a
Recorder. Outcomes - With the same concentration (0.02%), PSG showed a 31%
reduction on the maximum relaxation time compared with propolis-ethanol-extracts
or Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (P<0.01, n= 10). This result indicates that there
was a synergistic effect between propolis-ethanol-extracts and Shaoyao-Gancao-tang
on the myenteric relaxation of jejunum in vitro. Conclusions - The action
of PSG on jejunum smooth muscles is most likely through M-receptors, since
acetylcholine induced jejunum contractions were significantly decreased by
PSG, and there was a remarkable synergistic effect between atropine and PSG
(P<0.001, n= 8). In conclusions, the PGS showed an antispasmodic activity,
and inhibits peristalsis of jejunum smooth muscles via inhibiting M-receptors.
| 10: Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Dec;338(1-2):11-6. |
Protective
role of Egyptian propolis against tumor in mice.
El-khawaga
OA, Salem
TA, Elshal
MF.
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
BACKGROUND: Propolis has numerous biologic activities including antibiotic,
antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The present work is
aimed to study the effect of crude Egyptian propolis on tumor in mice induced
by Ehrlich ascitis carcinoma (EAC) cell line. RESULTS: The administration
of propolis (160 mg/kg body weight), by gastric intubation 2 h before the
intraperitoneal injection of EAC, effectively inhibited tumor growth and the
proliferation of EAC. The tumor volume was markedly reduced from 7+/-0.9 ml
in EAC-infected mice to 1.6+/-0.95 ml in propolis-treated mice. Also, the
lipid peroxide level which was 13.3+/-1.24 nmol malodialdehyde (MDA)/mg protein
in EAC infected mice was significantly decreased to 3.3+/-2.1 nmol MDA/mg
protein. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) concentrations
were markedly increased in propolis-treated mice. This effect was associated
with inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Administration
of propolis 2 h before injection of EAC arrested cells in G0/G1 phase and
resulted in a decrease in the viability, DNA, total RNA and protein level
of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: Crude Egyptian propolis has a strong inhibitory
activity against tumors. The anti-tumor mechanism may be mediated by preventing
oxidative damage and induction of apoptosis.
| 11: Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Dec 15;66(12):2281-9. |
Involvement
of tumor suppressor protein p53 and p38 MAPK in caffeic acid phenethyl ester-induced
apoptosis of C6 glioma cells.
Lee
YJ, Kuo
HC, Chu
CY, Wang
CJ, Lin
WC, Tseng
TH.
Department of Chemistry,
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (
| 12: Fitoterapia. 2002 Nov;73 Suppl 1:S44-52. |
In vitro
permeation through porcine buccal mucosa of caffeic acid phenetyl ester (
Ceschel GC, Maffei P, Sforzini A, Lombardi Borgia S,
Yasin A, Ronchi C.
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Bologna, Via San Donato
19/2, 4100, Bologna, Italy. Paolam@biofarm.unibo.it
Recent studies have shown that propolis has on the oral cavity appreciable
antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral actions, as well as anti-inflammatory,
anaesthetic and cytostatic properties. In light of these studies, an assessment
of the diffusion and permeation of caffeic acid phenetyl ester (
| 13: Fitoterapia. 2002 Nov;73 Suppl 1:S21-9. |
Antioxidant
activity of propolis: role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and galangin.
Russo
A, Longo
R, Vanella
A.
Department of Biochemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy. alrusso@mbow.unict.it
Propolis, a natural product produced by the honeybee, has been used for thousands
of years in folk medicine for several purposes. The extract contains amino
acids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, terpenes
and caffeic acid. It possesses several biological activities such as antiinflammatory,
immunostimulatory, antiviral and antibacterial. The exact mode of physiological
or biochemical mechanisms responsible for the medical effects, however, is
yet to be determined. In this work, we have investigated the antioxidant activity
of a propolis extract deprived of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (
| 14: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Nov;4(11 Suppl):923-7. |
Anti-herpes simplex
virus effect of an aqueous extract of propolis.
Huleihel
M, Isanu
V.
Institute for Applied Biosciences,
BACKGROUND: Propolis, a natural product from beehives, comprises a complex
of chemicals, the most important group being flavinoids, which play a role
in antiviral protection. OBJECTIVES: To test the inhibitory effect of propolis
extract against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In vitro:
propolis was added to Vero cells at various times and concentrations before,
at or after infection with HSV-
| 15: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Nov;4(11 Suppl):919-22. |
Comment in:
· Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Nov;4(11 Suppl):944-6.
The effect of herbal
remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Barak
V, Birkenfeld
S, Halperin
T, Kalickman
I.
Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Department of Oncology,
BACKGROUND: Some herbal remedies are sold as food additives and are believed
to have immune-enhancing properties. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of five
herbal remedies--Sambucol Black Elderberry Extract, Sambucol Active Defense
Formula and Sambucol for Kids (with known antiviral properties), Protec and
Chizukit N (containing propolis and Echinacea, claimed to be immune enhancers)--on
the production of cytokines, one of the main components of the immune system.
METHODS: The production of four inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta,
tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 and IL-8) and one anti-inflammatory
cytokine (IL-10) was tested using blood-derived monocytes from 12 healthy
donors. RESULTS: The Sambucol preparations increased the production of five
cytokines (1.3-6.2 fold) compared to the control. Protec induced only a moderate
production of IL-8 (1.6 fold) and IL-10 (2.3 fold) while Chizukit N caused
only a moderate increase in IL-10 production (1.4 fold). Both Protec and Chizukit
N caused moderate decreases in IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6 production. Lipopolysaccharide,
a known activator of monocytes, induced the highest levels of cytokine production
(3.6-10.7 fold). CONCLUSIONS: The three Sambucol formulations activate the
healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
production, while the effect of Protec and Chizukit N is much less. Sambucol
could therefore have immunostimulatory properties when administered to patients
suffering from influenza (as shown before), or immunodepressed cancer or AIDS
patients who are receiving chemotherapy or other treatments.
| 16: Z Naturforsch [C]. 2002 Mar-Apr;57(3-4):386-94. |
Egyptian propolis:
2. Chemical composition, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of
Abd
El Hady FK, Hegazi
AG.
Department of Chemistry of Natural Products,
Three propolis samples from East Nile Delta,
| 17: Anticancer Res. 2001 May-Jun;21(3B):1665-71. |
PM-
Luo J, Soh JW, Xing WQ, Mao Y, Matsuno T, Weinstein IB.
Herbert Irving Comprehensive
Cancer Center, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, College of Physicians
and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Propolis has numerous biologic activities including antibiotic, antifungal,
antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Several components isolated from
propolis have been shown to have anticancer activity. This study demonstrates
that the compound PM-3 (3-[2-dimethyl-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)benzopyran]-6-propenoic
acid) isolated from Brazilian propolis markedly inhibits the growth of MCF-7
human breast cancer cells. This effect was associated with inhibition of cell
cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with
PM-3 arrested cells in the G1 phase and resulted in a decrease in the protein
levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E. PM-3 also inhibited the expression of cyclin
D1 at the transcriptional level when examined in cyclin D1 promoter luciferase
assays. Induction of apoptosis by PM-3 occurred within 48 hours after treatment
of MCF-7 cells. The MCF-7 treated cells also displayed a decrease in the level
of the estrogen receptor (ER) protein and inhibition of estrogen response
element (ERE) promoter activity. Therefore, PM-3 merits further investigation
with respect to breast cancer chemoprevention or therapy.
PMID: 11497245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
| 18: Phytomedicine. 2000 Mar;7(1):1-6. |
A comparative multi-centre
study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment
of genital herpes (HSV).
Vynograd
N, Vynograd
I, Sosnowski
Z.
Ninety men and women with recurrent genital HSV type 2 participated in a randomized,
single-blind, masked investigator, controlled multi-centre study comparing
the efficacy of ointment of Canadian propolis containing natural flavonoids
with ointments of acyclovir and placebo (vehicle) on healing ability and capacity
to remedy symptoms. Thirty individuals were randomized to each group. Treatment
was intended to start in the blister phase. All participants had HSV type
2 isolated, confirmed by serum immunoglobulin levels. The participants were
examined on the 3rd, 7th and 10th days of treatment by gynaecologists, dermatovenerologists
or urologists at seven different medical centres. Apart from clinical symptoms
the number and size of the herpetic lesions were noted. At each examination
the lesions were classified into four stages: vesicular, ulcerated, crusted
and healed. The study ointments were applied to affected areas four times
daily. In women with vaginal or cervical lesions a tampon with the appropriate
ointment was inserted four times daily for 10 days. Endpoint variables were
healing time and time until loss of symptoms. RESULTS: On Day 10, 24 out of
30 individuals in the propolis group had healed. In the acyclovir group 14
out of 30 and in the placebo group 12 out of 30 had healed. (p = 0.0015).
The healing process appeared to be faster in the propolis group. In the propolis
group 15 individuals had crusted lesions on Day 3 compared to 8 individuals
in the acyclovir group and none in the placebo group (p = 0.0006). On Day
7, 10 participants in the propolis group,
PMID: 10782483 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
| 19: Arch Oral Biol. 2000 Feb;45(2):141-8. |
In vitro
antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica
Koo
H, Gomes
BP, Rosalen
PL, Ambrosano
GM, Park
YK, Cury
JA.
Arnica and propolis have been used for thousands of years in folk medicine
for several purposes. They possess several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory,
antifungal, antiviral and tissue regenerative, among others. Although the
antibacterial activity of propolis has already been demonstrated, very few
studies have been done on bacteria of clinical relevance in dentistry. Also,
the antimicrobial activity of Arnica has not been extensively investigated.
Therefore the aim here was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity,
inhibition of adherence of mutans streptococci and inhibition of formation
of water-insoluble glucan by Arnica and propolis extracts. Arnica
| 20: Z Naturforsch [C]. 1999 Jul-Aug;54(7-8):549-53. |
Synergism between
ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and anti-tuberculosis drugs on growth
of mycobacteria.
Scheller
S, Dworniczak
S, Waldemar-Klimmek
K, Rajca
M, Tomczyk
A, Shani
J.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Ethanolic extract of propolis exerts a strong anti-bacterial activity, in
addition to antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal properties. In previous
studies from these laboratories we have demonstrated that the intensity of
the bactericidal activity of EEP is correlated with the virulence of the mycobacteria
tested, and that EEP has a synergistic effect with antibiotics on growth of
staphylococcus aureus. In the present study we investigated whether the same
synergism and correlation exists between EEP and some anti-tuberculosis drugs
on tuberculosis mycobacteria with different degrees of virulence. Six standard
strains and 11 wild strains of mycobacteria were exposed for 30 days to EEP,
with or without streptomycin, rifamycin, isoniazid or ethambutol. Out of the
17 strains, 8 were resistant to at least two standard antibiotics, and were
considered "multi-resistant strains". The rest were either susceptible
or resistant to only one of the antimycobacterial drugs. Antagonism was recorded
only in one case, when Staphylococcus aureus were treated with a mixture of
EEP and ethambutol, suggesting that a chemical bond could have been formed
between this anti-tuberculosis antibiotic and one of the active components
of the ethanol extract of propolis.
| 21: Int J Mol Med. 1999 Jul;4(1):29-32. |
Apoptosis induced
by propolis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
Choi
YH, Lee
WY, Nam
SY, Choi
KC, Park
YE.
Department of Pathology,
Propolis has been reported to exhibit a wide spectrum of activities including
antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory and tumor carcinostatic
properties. We showed propolis induced apoptosis in a human hepatoma cell
line (SNU449) by FITC-Annexin V/PI staining. We also compared the apoptosis
inducing effect between Korean and Commercial (Sigma # p-1010) propolis. There
was no difference on apoptosis between them.
PMID: 10373633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
| 22: J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Mar;64(3):235-40. |
Antibacterial,
antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin.
Kujumgiev
A, Tsvetkova
I, Serkedjieva
Y, Bankova
V, Christov
R, Popov
S.
Propolis samples from different geographic origins were investigated for their
antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), antifungal
(against Candida albicans) and antiviral (against Avian influenza virus) activities.
All samples were active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test
strains, and most showed antiviral activity. The activities of all samples
were similar in spite of the differences in their chemical composition. In
samples from the temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are
known to be responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical